T A 



J. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU OF PLANT INBUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 214. 

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Surma. 



THE TIMBER ROT CAUSED BY 
LENZITES SEPIARIA. 



BY 



PERLEY SPAULDING, 

, Investigations in Forest Pathology. 



Issued July 21, 1911. 




WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING 0FFI0T5. 

lun. 




Book 



ft 



I 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 214. / / / 

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. 



THE TIMBER ROT CAUSED BY 
LENZITES SEPIABIA. 



BY 



PERLEY SPAULDING, 

Pathologist, Investigu ons in Forest Pathology. 



Issued July 21, 1911. 




u 



\\ Asm Ncrox: 

CiOVKliNMKNl' 1'K1N'1'L\(J OFFICK 
1011. 






BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 



Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway. 
Assistant Chief of Bureau, Willlvm A. Tayloe. 
Editor, J. E. Rockavell. 
Chief Clerk, James E. Jones. 



Investigations m Forest Pathology. 

scientific staff. 

Haven Metcalf, Pathologist in Charge. 
George G. Hedgcock, Pathologist, in Charge of Forest Disease Survey. 
Perley Spaulding, Pathologist, in Charge of Forest Nursery Diseases. 
Carl Hartley, Assistant Pathologist. 
C. J. Humphrej', Scientific Assistant. 
E. P. Meinecke, Expert. 
214 

2 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Bureau of Plant Industry, 

Office of the Chief, 
Washington, D. C, February 21, 1911. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper entitled ^^The 
Timber Rot Caused by Lenzites Sepiaria," by Dr. Perley Spaulding, 
Pathologist in the Office of Investigations in Forest Patholog}^ of this 
Bureau. I recommend that it be published as Bulletin No. 214 of the 
series of this Bureau. 

This paper summarizes and brings up to date our knowledge con- 
cerning this serious wood-rotting fungus. It contains new informa- 
tion concerning its Hfe history and gives practical methods of pre- 
venting its ravages. It is designed as a contribution toward our 
knowledge of the fundamental facts of forest pathology in this 
country. At the time the manuscript was first prepared there w^as no 
adequate publication upon this form of timber rot in any language; 
recently, however, such a paper, Falck's ^'Die Lenzitesfaule des 
Coniferenholzes," has been issued in Germany. So far as the tv.'o 
papers cover the same ground they agree in essentials, but vary in 
minor details. The fields and conditions are so different in the two 
countries that nothing else could be expected. 

Dr. Spaulding is indebted to the custodians of tlie following her- 
baria for the privilege of collecting data from their collections: 
Missouri Botanical Garden, University of Wisconsin, New York 
Botanical Garden, New York State Museum, Harvard University, 
University of Vermont; also to ^fr. E. T. Harper, for allowing similar 
work in his private herbarium. 

Respectfully, Wm. A. Taylor, 

Acting Chief oj Bureau. 
Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 

214 

3 



4 



C i\ T E N T S 



Page. 

Introduction 7 

Economic importance of Lenzites sepiaria 8 

Distribution and host woods of Lenzites sepiaria 8 

Geogi'aphic distribution 8 

The fungus in foreign countries 8 

The fungus in the United States 10 

Kinds of wood attacked by Lenzites sepiaria 11 

Method of entrance and rate of growth of Lenzites seyjiaria 13 

The fungus 14 

Its name 14 

The sporophores 14 

Development of the sporophores 16 

The mycelium 17 

The spores 17 

Germination of the spores 18 

Cultures IS 

Inoculations 19 

The decayed wood 20 

External appearance of timber 20 

Internal appearance of timber 21 

Microscopic examination of affected wood 2:1 

Microchemical tests of affected wood 23 

Proof that Lenzites sepiaria canises the decay 24 

Factors governing the growth of wood-rotting fungi 24 

Food materials 24 

Air supply 25 

Water supply 2() 

Temperature 20 

Methods of preventing the decay caused by Lenzites sepiaria 20 

Seasoning of timber 27 

Floating of timl)er 2S 

Treatment with chemicals 2S 

Summary 2!) 

Bibliography 31 

Descripl ion of plates 10 

Index 11 

214 5 



I L L U S T It A T 1 N S 



PLATES. 

Page. 

Plate I. Fig. 1. — Sporopliores of Lenzites sepiaria on the end of a longleaf pine 
log. Fig. 2. — Sporopliores of Lenzites sepiaria, showing under 

surface 40 

II. Fig. 1. — Early stage of decay caused by Lenzites sepiaria. Fig. 2. — 

Medium stage of decay caused by Lenzites sepiaria 40 

III. Fig. 1. — Late stage of decay caused by Lenzites sepiaria. Fig. 2. — 

Plug used in inoculation. Fig. 3. — Sporopliores of Lenzites sep- 
iaria in season cracks 40 

IV. Pure culture of Lenzites sepiaria on longleaf pine block 40 

TEXT FIGURES. 

Fig. 1. Cross section of living tree of Picea engelmanni, showing parasitic ac- 
tion of Lenzites sepiaria 13 

2. End of a new pine railroad tie, showing many sporopliores of Lenzites 

sepiaria 22 

3. Lower end of telephone pole, showing decay at the surface of the 

ground while it is practically sound a short distance above 25 

214 

6 



1 



B. p. I.— 654. 



THE TIMBER ROT CAUSED BY LENZITES 

SEPIARIA. 



INTBODUCTION. 

The value of the total timber and wood cut in the year 1908^ in the 
United States was slightly more than $1,000,000,000. About three- 
fourths of this immense production was supplied by the coniferous 
species of trees. A large proportion of the timber used in heavy con- 
struction, such as bridges, railroad ties, trestles, etc., is coniferous. 
One may obtain a slight idea of the enormous quantity of coniferous 
timber that is required from the fact that untreated coniferous rail- 
road ties last only from 1 or 2 to 10 years, according to their conditions 
of use, the average length of service being about 7 years. Because of 
the great aggregate values involved, any factor which influences the 
length of service of this timber becomes a matter of primary import- 
ance. This is especialh^ true at the present time when we are threat- 
ened with a shortage of timber of all lands. The most important 
factors affecting the length of service of coniferous timber when 
exposed to the weather or in contact with the soil are the wood- 
rotting fungi. These greatly shorten the period of usefulness of such 
timber and tlms help to increase the already too great demands upon 
our forests. 

While there are dozens of wood-rotting fungi which attack conif- 
erous wood, certain ones are especially prevalent and destructive in 
their action. Lenzites sepiaria (WuK.) Fr. and Lentinus lepideus Fr. 
are probably the most mdespread and injurious in this country. 
The former is most destructive in the southern part of the country, 
wliile tlie latter is very ])revalent m the northern })art, althougli both 
are widely distributed in both sections. Lenzites sepiaria is common 
wherever coniferous timber grows or is used. In the north the 
climatic conditions are sucli tliat pecked timi)er will season before the 
fungus can get well started in its growth, but it succeeds in causing 
the decay of unpeeled timber. 

In spite of the economic importance of this fungus, not only in 
America but in Europe, no publication, so far as the writer knows, 



" lUireuu of (he CcnsiLs, Forest IVoducl.^, vol. 10, p. 5, 1901). 
214 



8 TIMBER ROT CAUSED BY LENZITES SEPIARIA. 

adequately considers the deca}^ caused by Lenzites se'piaria.^ Practi- 
cally all the literature concerning this species and the timber rot caused 
by it consists of short notes on occurrence and short paragraphs upon 
the damage caused. 

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF LENZITES SEPIARIA. 

The damage inflicted in America alone by Lenzites sepiaria is 
enormous. This fungus, together with several others, destroys a 
large proportion of all untreated coniferous railroad ties and telegraph 
and telephone poles wliich are in service in the country. Probably 
one-fourth of this damage is done by Lenzites sepiaria. 

The valuation of the railroad ties and telegraph and telephone poles 
furnished by the coniferous species of trees in 1908^ was in round 
numbers $32,500,000. If the above estimate of damage done by 
Lenzites sepiaria is anywhere near correct, this would mean that 
timber worth about $8,000,000 annually has its length of service 
seriously shortened by this fungus. Under present methods of 
American railroading it is probable that an average length of service 
of an unrotted coniferous tie would scarcely be more than 12 to 15 
years — that is, the tie will be worn out by the end of this period. 
The actual average service of untreated coniferous ties can hardly be 
placed at more than 5 to 8 years. Thus, we fuid the w^ood-rotting fungi 
practically diminishing the service of this timber by one-half. More- 
over, there are vast quantities of timber in the form of piling, bridge 
timbers, trestles, sidewalks, fence posts, etc., which are also destroyed 
by this fungus. 

DISTRIBUTION AND HOST WOODS OF LENZITES SEPIARIA. 

[The location of certain cabinet specimens is indicated by arbitrary signs as follows: (*), In the herbarium 
of the Missouri Botanical Garden; (f), in the pathological collections of the Bureau of Plant Industry; 
(J), in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden; (§), in the cryptogamic herbarium at Harvard 
University; (||, Avith number), in the forest pathological field collection; (^), in the private herbarium 
of E. T. Harper; (**). in the herbarium of the New York State Museiun; (ft), in the Frost Herbariiun at 
the University of Vermont; (JJ), in the herbariiun of the University of Wisconsin.] 

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. 

The Fungus in Foreign Countries. 

Lenzites sepiaria has been reported from and collected in the 
following countries : 

EUROPE. 

England: Berkeley (1836, 1860), Cooke (1871, 1883, 1888-1890), Smith (1891), Sowerby 

(1814), Stevenson (1886). 
Norway: Blytt (1905), Fries (1849), Karsten (1882). 

« Since this manuscript was prepared the writer has first seen Falck's Die Lenzites- 
faule des Coniferenholzes, issued as part 3 in Holler's Hausschwammforschungen, 
1909. 

b Bureau of the Census, Forest Products, vol. 10, pp. 66-67, 107, 1909. 

214 



DISTEIBUTION AND HOST WOODS. 9 

Sweden: Fries (1849, 1863), Karsten (1882), Murrill (1904, 1908), Persoon (1799, 1801), 
Vleugel (1908), Wahlenberg (1820, 1826, 1833). 

Russia: Lapland— Karsten (1876), Sommerfeldt (1826), Wahlenberg (1812). Finland— 
Karsten (1876, 1881, 1882, 1889, Fung. Fenn. *No. 88), Thesleff (1894). Moscow— 
Bucholtz (1897). St. Petersburg— Perdrizet (1876). 

Denmark: Fries (1849), Hornemann (1837), Rostrup (1902). 

Germany: Bachmann (1886), Fuckel (1869), Jennings (1898, 1903), Hoffmann (1797- 
1811), Magnus (*), Pabst (1876), Rabenhorst (1840, 1844), Rohling (1813), Win- 
ter (1884). Baden — ^Jack, Leiner, and Stizenberger (Krypt. Badens, No. 936). 
Bavaria — Allescher (1884), Allescher and Schnabl (f), Britzelmayr (1885), Magnus 
(1898), Schaeffer (1800), Schrank (1789). Brandenburg— Hennings (1903), Sydow 
(Myco. March. No. 716). Hessen-Nassau — Von Braune (1797), Gartner, Meyer, 
and Scherbius (1802). Prussia— Nitardy (1904). Saxony— Brick (1898), Krieger 
(Fung. Saxon. No. 69), Von Thiimen (Myco. Univers. No. 2202). Silesia— Ader- 
hold (1902), Schroeter (1888). Thuringia— Hennings (1903a). 

Austria-Hungary: Winter (1884). Bohemia — Bodenath (J) Corda (1842). Karn- 
ten — Jaap (1908). Lower Austria — Strasser (1900). Transylvania — Barth (J). 
Tyrol— Bresadola (see Murrill, 1904), De Cobelli (1899), Von Dalla Torre, Von 
Sarnthein, and Magnus (1905), Von Hohnel (1909), Jaap (1901, 1908), Kerner (Fl. 
Exsicc. Austr.-Hung. No. 761), Von Sarnthein (1901). Voralberg — Von Dalla 
Torre, Von Sarnthein, and Magnus (1905). 

Servia: Ranojevie (1902). 

Italy: Rome— Lanzi (1902). Venice— Pollini (1824), Saccardo (1879). 

Switzerland: Fries (1828), Murrill (1904, J), Neuweiler (1905), Ruffieux (1904), 
Schenk (J), Secretan (1833). 

Holland: Oudemans (1867, 1893). 

Belgium: Kickx (1867). 

France: Arnould (1893), Bigeard and Jacquin (1898), Clerc (1902), Desmazieres 
(PI. Crypt. Fr. No. 2155), Gillet (1874), Gillot and Lucand (1888), Guillemot (1893), 
Matruchot (1902), Paulet and Levielle (1855), Persoon (1799), Quelet (1886, 1888), 
Roumeguere (Fung. Gall. Exsicc. No. 855). 

Spain: Colmeiro (1889). 



Siberia: Hennings (1898), Von Thumen (1878). 

East Indies: Java — Kops and Van der Trappen (1849). 

AUSTRALIA. 

Victoria: Cooke (1892), McAlpine (1895). 

SOUTH AMERICA. 

Argentine Republic: Spegazzini (1899). 
Brazil: Ric-k (1904). 

NORTH AMERICA. 

Canada: Dupret (see Lloyd, 1906a, 1908b), Fowler and I>angton ^seo Lloyd, 1!)09\ 
Macoun (see Murrill, 1904). 
British Columbia— Hill (J). 
New Brunswick — Ilay (§). 
Nova Scotia- -Somors (1880). 
Ontario — Dearness (:|;), Macoun (I). 
Newfoundland: Robinson and Von Schrenk (§). 
Mexico: Egeling (J). 
214 



10 TIMBER ROT CAUSED BY LENZITES SEPIARIA. 

These reports indicate that Lenzites sepiaria is present throughout 
Europe; that it is prevalent and probably widely distributed in 
Australia and the neighboring- islands, including the East Indies, and 
is widely distributed in South America. In North America it is 
undoubtedly present in Canada and Newfoundland throughout the 
coniferous forests; and it is probably equally prevalent in the conif- 
erous forests of Mexico. 

The Fun ius in the United States. 

Lenzites sepiaria has been reported from and collected in the 
various States of this country as follows: 

Alabama: Earle (1901), Earle and Baker ({), Humphrey (|| No. 53l95), Von Schrenk 

(see Murrill, 1904, J), Underwood and Earle (1897). 
Arizona: Burrall (1| Nos. 1089, 1156, 1162, 1163, 1168), Hedgcock (f || No. 4889). 
Arkansas: Humphrey (|| No. 5646). 

California: Harkness and Moore (1880), Hedgcock (|| No. 1889), Palmer (§). 
Colorado: Baker ({), Baker, Earle, and Tracy (f), Bethel (J), Harper (^), Hartley 

(II Nos. 1641, 1678, 1775), Hedgcock (|| Nos. 576, 577, 618, 619, 620, 651, 852, 889, 921, 

1606, 1626, 1632, 1634, 1635, 1930), Hedgcock and Hartley (|| Nos. 609, 692, 694, 697), 

Hodson (II No. 1177), Knaebel (see Lloyd, 1908a), Underwood and Selby (J, see 

Murrill, 1904). 
Connecticut: Spaulding (|| No. 2275), White (1905), Miss White (see Murrill, 1904). 
Delaware: Commons (f). 
District of Columbia: Spaulding (|| No. 106). 
Florida: Britton (see Murrill, 1904, J), Calkins (t), Fisher (see Lloyd, 1907), Noble 

(see Lloyd, 1902) . 
Georgia: Humphrey (|| Nos. 5047, 5059, 5090, 5091, 5117, 5194). 
Idaho: Hedgcock (|| Nos. 877, 978, 979, 4452, 4725, 4741, 4742). 
Hlinois: Clute (see Lloyd, 1909), Harper (1j), Moffatt (1909). 
Indiana: Harper (11). Moffatt (1909). 
Iowa: Bessey (1884). 
Louisiana: Hedgcock (|| Nos. 363, 373, 394, 404), Humphrey (|| Nos. 5328, 5333, 5385, 

5687), Langlois (f, 1887). 
Maine: Blake (J, see Ricker, 1902, see Sprague, 1858), Harvey (see Ricker, 1902), 

Harvey and Knight (1897), Ricker (1902), Von Schrenk (f), Spaulding (|| Nos. 

103, 107, 108), Sprague (1858), Miss ^\Tiite ({, see Murrill, 1904), "WTiite (1902). 
Maryland: Graves (|| No. 3735), Lakin (see Lloyd, 1907), Scribner (f). 
Massachusetts: Farlow (1876), Huntington (see Lloyd, 1907), Mackintosh (see Lloyd, 

1907), Pierce (see Lloyd, 1907), Smith (see Lloyd, 1906a), Webster (§). 
Michigan: Harper (^), James (see Lloyd, 1902), Longyear (1904), Von Schrenk 

(II No. 1109). 
Minnesota: Arthur (t, 1887), Holway (J), Hedgcock (|| Nos. 4101, 4121, 4122, 4162). 
Mississippi: Earle (J), Hedgcock (|| No. 332), Humphrey (|| No. 5281). 
Missouri: Glatfelter (1906), Spaulding (*). 
Montana: Anderson (J, see Murrill, 1904), Blankinship (J), Mrs. Fitch (J), Hedgcock 

(II Nos. 955, 966, 4240, 4252, 4299, 4322, 4380, 4408, 4409, 4443, 4528, 4531, 4617, 

4645, 4688, 4694), Rydberg and Bessey (J, see Murrill, 1904). 
Nebraska: Bates (see Lloyd, 1909), Webber (1890), Williams (t). 
New Hampshire: Jones (see Lloyd, 1906a), Minns (J), Sargent (see Lloyd, 1908a), 

Spaulding (|| Nos. 2221, 2919, 2920, 2950), Warner (see Lloyd, 1906a). 
214 



DISTRIBUTION AND HOST WOODS. 11 

New Jersey: Britton (1881), Ellis (North American Fungi No. 1), Von Schrenk 

(II No. 105), Sterling (see Lloyd, 1908a). 
New Mexico: Hedgcock (|| Nos. 259, 454, 543, 808). 
New York: Clinton (f), Clute (see Murrill, 1904), Dobbin (see Lloyd, 1907), Harper 

(II), Humphrey (see Lloyd, 1907), Jeliffe (see Murrill, 1904), Peck (** 1869, 1879, 

1883, 1884, 1893, 1899, 1901), Smith (f), Spaulding (|| Nos. 2043, 2051, 2241, 2253), 

Underwood (see Murrill, 1904), Underwood and Cooke (|), Weld (see Lloyd, 1906a). 
North Carolina: Curtis (§, 1867), Graves (|| No. 3544), Humphrey (|| No. 5021), Ravenel 

(Fung. Amer. No. 208). 
North Dakota: Brenckle (see Lloyd, 1907), Waldron (see Lloyd, 1906a). 
Ohio: Bubna (see Lloyd, 1908b), James (f), Morgan (1883). 
Oregon: Hedgcock (|| Nos. 36, 1714, 1731, 1732, 1748, 1752, 1825). 
Pennsylvania: Dallas (see Lloyd, 1906a), Murrill (J), Von Schweinitz (1832). 
Rhode Island: Bennett (1888). 

South Carolina: Curtis (§), Humphrey (|| No. 5021), Ravenel (Fung. Amer. No. 208). 
Tennessee: Murrill (1904). 

Texas: Billings (J), Von Schrenk (1904), Spaulding (|| No. 444), Wright (§). . 
Vermont: Frost (ft), Pringle (§), Spaulding (|1 Nos. 2090, 2091, 2234, 2235, 2317, 2904, 

2905). 
Virginia: Humphrey (|| Nos. 5005, 5007), Murrill (J). 
Washington: Harper (i), Humphrey (|| Nos. 5860, 5869, 5934, 5964, 6009, 6048), Piper 

(see Lloyd, 1902). 
West Vii'ginia: Millspaugh (1892), Millspaugh and Nuttall (1896). 
Wisconsin: Cheney (JJ), Harper (T|), Neumann (||, 1905). 

The above-cited localities show that Lenzites sepiaria is prevalent 
throughout the United States wherever coniferous forests grow or 
coniferous species of wood are used. 

KINDS OF WOOD ATTACKED BY LENZITES SEPIARIA. 

Lenzites sepiaria is generally understood to be limited to species of 
coniferous wood, while L. vialis Peck usually is found only on decidu- 
ous species. Like other rules, this one has its exceptions, and L. 
sepiaria is occasionally found on the wood of some decichious trees. 
The records available show that it has been found upon the wood of 
the following species : 

Abies sp. — Farlow and Seymour (1888), Saccardo (1898), Waghorne (*). 

A. balsamea (Linn.) Mill.— Harper (1|), Spaulding (|| Nos. 107, 925, 2043). 

A. grandis Lindl.— Hedgcock (|| Nos. 1732, 1931). 

A. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.— Hedgcock (1| Nos. 619, 621, 921, 1291, 1()45, -1()96). 

Alnus sp.— Rick (1898). 

Juniperus pachyphloea Torr. — Burrall (|| No. 1162). 

Larix laricina (Du Roi) Kocli — Neumann (1905), Von SchrtMik (HH)!). 

L. occidentalis Nuttall— Hedgcock (|| Nos. 4697, 4725). 

Picea sp.— Millspaugh (1892), Peck (**). 

P. canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P.— Arthur (1887), Fiu-low and Seymour (1888). 

P. ewjelmanni Engelm. — Baker, Earle, and Tracy (f), Hartley (|| Nos. 160(). 1641, 

1678), Hedgcock (II Nos. 577, 852, 966, 1632, 1G35, 4252, 4322, 4617\ ficdgcock 

and Hartley (|| Noh. 609, 692, 694, 697), Hodson (|| No. 1177). 
P. cxrelsa Link.— Spaulding (*), TlicslelT (1894), Von Thiinu-n (Myrollicia riiixor- 

salis No. 2202). 
214 




12 TIMBER EOT CAUSED BY LENZITES SEPIAEIA. 

P. mariana (]\Iill.) B. S. P.— Millspaugh and Nuttall (1896), Peck (1893), Spaulding 
(II Nos. 952, 2241, 2266). 

P. riibens Sarg.— Spaulding (|| Nos. 2091, 2205, 2221, 2234, 2235). 

Finns sp. — Ellis (North American Fungi No. 1), Farlow and Seymour (1888), Fries 
(1863, 1874), Frost (ft), Gillet (1874), Gillotand Lucand (1888), Harper (JJ), Karsten 
(1876), McAlpine (1895), Neumann (JJ), Sommerfeldt (1826). 

P. divaricata (Ait.) Du Mont de Cours — Hedgcock (|| Nos. 4162, 4209). 

P. echinata Mill.— Hedgcock (|| Nos. 363, 373), Humphrey (|| Nos. 5059, 5281, 5333), 
Von Schrenk (1904). 

P. glabra Walt.— Hedgcock (|| No. 372). 

P. lamhcrtiana Dougl.— Hedgcock (|| No. 1889). 

P. monticola Dougl. — Hedgcock (|| No. 4694). 

P. mwrayana Oregon Comm.— Hedgcock (|| Nos. 576, 618, 889, 955, 1930, 4240, 4275, 
4408, 4741). 

P. palustris Mill.— Bates (1907), Von Schrenk (1904), Spaulding (|| No. 444). 

P. pondcrosa Laws.— Anderson {%), Hedgcock (|| Nos. 808, 978, 979). 

P. rigida Mill.— Peck (1893). 

P. sibirica Mayr. — Saccardo (1898). 

P. silvestris Linn.— Saccardo (1898), Thesleff (1894). 

P. strobus Linn.— Peck (1893), Von Schrenk (|| No. 1109), Spaulding (|| Nos. 2919, 
2950, 2951). 

P. taeda Linn.— Hedgcock (|| No. 394), Humphrey (|| Nos. 5117, 5328), Von Sclii-enk 
(1904). 

P. virginiana Mill. — Graves (|| No. 3735). 

Populus alba Linn. — Farlow and Seymoiu: (1888), Morgan (1883), Saccardo (1898). 

P. ddtoides Marsh.— Farlow and Seymom- (1888), Peck (1884), Saccardo (1898). 

P. tremuloidcs Michx.— Hedgcock (|| Nos. 620, 1634), Spaulding (|| No. 2317). 

Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lam.) Britton — Harper (^, JJ), Hartley (|| No. 1775), Hedgcock 
(II Nos. 36, 651, 877, 1636, 1714, 1731, 1752, 1825," 4299, 4409, 4443, 4452, 4528, 4531, 
4688, 4742, 4889), Humphrey (|| Nos. 5860, 5869, 5934, 5964, 6009). 

Salix sp.— Bessey (1884). 

S. (^isco/or Muehl.— Farlow and Seymour (1888), Peck (1884), Saccardo (1898). 

Tsuga canadensis (Linn.) Carr.^ — Blake (t), Dudley (1887, 1889), Farlow and Seymour 
(1888), Frost (ft), Graves (|| No. 3544), Millspaugh (1892), Millspaugh and Nuttall 
(1896), Neumann (1905), Peck (1893), Saccardo (1898), Von Schrenk (1904), SpauL 
ding (II Nos. 103, 972, 2085, 2090, 2204, 2220, 2253), Underwood and Cook (J). 

T. heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.— Hedgcock (|| Nos. 1748, 4380, 4776). 

The above reports and collections show that Lenzites sepiaria may 
attack the wood of the species of Abies, Alnus, Juniperus, Larix, 
Picea, Piniis, Populus, Pseudotsuga, and Tsuga. It may be expected 
to occur occasionally on the wood of Chamaecyparis, Cupressus, 
Libocedrus, Sequoia, Thuja, and Taxodium. Whether it may also 
attack the wood of deciduous species other than those belonging to 
the genera Alnus, Populus, and Salix is uncertain; specimens of 
fungi, which are so poorly developed that it is impossible to identify 
them with certainty, have been collected upon a number of the 
deciduous species. 

This fungus is rather rarely found on the wood of living trees 
(Hahn, 1908, Hennings, 1903a, 1903b, A^on Schrenk || No. 105, 
Spaulding || No. 2266), and so far as the writer knows has never been 

214 



. 



DISTRIBUTION AND HOST WOODS. 



13 



mentioned as occurring parasitic ally. Hedgcock (|| Xo. 1632), 
however, found an instance where a tree of Picea engelmanni about 
4 inches in diameter was sharply bent by snow and was unable to 
straighten up when the weight was removed. The bark became 
loosened on the top of the bend, and this gave an entrance for the 
fungus, which worked downward in the injured wood tissues until 
only a small portion of the lower side of the trunk was alive (fig. 1). 
There seems to be no doubt in this case that the fungus was a wound 
parasite. Six inoculations into living trees of Pinus palustris made 
by the writer were 
wholly without re- 
sult. For all prac- 
tical purposes Len- 
zites sepiaria is a 
saprophyte, attack- 
ing timber which is 
piled for seasoning, 
or which is in use 
but exposed to the 
elements. 

Lenzites sepiaria 
has been found by 
the writer upon the 
heartwood of Tsuga 
canadensis (|| No. 
2085) and Larix lari- 
cina, and it often 
attacks the outer 
layers of the heart- 
wood in many other 
species 

it is able to rot the 
resinous heartwood 
of the soutliern pines seems (|uesti()uabk\ The writer lias scon no 
instance where this had taken place, except in the outer layers of 
heartwood which were not so completely filled with resiu as the inner 
ones. 




YV Jietner yig. L— cross section of living tree of Picea engelmanni, showing para- 
sitic action of Lenzites sepiaria. The five annual rinjrs on lower side 
are alive, but the inner one shows the encroachment of the fun^is. 



METHOD OF ENTllANCE AND KATE OF (^IJOWTII OF I.EXZITES SEFIAIUA. 

Lenzites sepiaria is undoubtedly able to ])enetrate wood where it 
is cut across the grain, and under most conditions can probably enter 
radially if there is some small ])\Vi\k in tlie lilxMs so that it can get 
between them. The evidence s(UMns to show that when it (Mitei-s 
uj)()n the side of a timber it do(\s so hy nutans of season cracks. 
214 



14 TIMBER ROT CAUSED BY LEXZITES SEPIARIA. 

These afford a very ready access to the interior tissues, since they often 
extend to the heartwood, or even into it (PI. II, figs. 1 and 2; 
and PL III, fig. 3). The season cracks are especially favorable for 
the development of the fiino:us, as they dry out much more slowly 
than do the outer layers of wood, and thus give the spores a chance to 
germinate and to push the germ tube into the adjacent wood cells 
before the air is too dry for further development. 

Lenzites sepiaria grows very rapidly under favorable conditions. 
Observations on newly cut, green railroad ties have shown that 
fully developed normal sporophores ^\ill form mthin ^ve months' 
time upon such timbere. Ai^tificial inoculations made by the ^\Titer 
also resulted in the formation of sporophores ^\'ithin five months 
(PL III, fig. 2). This remarkably short time for the development 
of a serious wood-rotting fungus is of course possible only under the 
most favorable conditions. 

THE FUNGUS. 

ITS XAME. 

Lenzites sepiaria has been known in Europe for many years, bemg 
easily traced back to 1786, and ^yiih less certaintj^ to a considerably 
earlier date. It has been placed in a number of different' genera, 
accordiQg to the ideas of the various authors who have ^mtten 
about it. It was called Agaricus sepiarius by Yon Wulfen (1786), 
who first named it; Persoon (1800) called it Merulius sepiarius; 
Fries (1815) changed it to Daedalea sepiaria, hut later (1838) changed 
it again to Lenzites saepiaria; Karsten (1876) at first used the name 
Lenzites saepiaria, but later (1882) changed to GloeopJiyUumsaepiarium, 
and still later (1889) changed to Lenzitina saepiaria; Murrill (1904) 
used the name Sesia Mrsuta, but later (1905, 1908) changed to 
GloeoplnjUum Mrsutum. The matter has not been investigated 
thoroughly enough for the writer to venture an opinion as to the 
merits of the various names. He therefore uses the name Len- 
zites sepiaria, which is used and accepted by most botanists. 

THE SPOROPHORES. 

The sporophores are rather small for a wood-rotting fungus. 
The}" rarely project more than 2 inches from the substratum, 
and are commonly long, narrow, shelf-hke formations, extending 
horizontally from the surface of the wood. They are freciuently 
compound or are clustered very closely together, and are especially 
numerous on the ends of affected timbers (PL I, fig. 1). "When they 
are on the sides of the timber they are almost certain to be situated 
in season cracks (PL III, ^g. 3). Sometimes, on a ver}^ badly 
rotted log, man}^ sporophores situated in a single season crack fuse 

214 



THE FUNGUS. 15 

laterally and form a single fruiting body, extending the entire length 
of the log. The usual form of the fruiting surface is that of irregu- 
larly branching gills, but cases can be found where it is in the form 
of more or less regular pores. On the other hand, the gills are some- 
times as regular as those of most of the Agaricacese. One case 
was noted where the sporophores giBw on the upper horizontal 
surface of a square timber and had the hymenium in the form of 
spiny projections. Similarly shaped bodies have been obtained in 
cultures (PL lY). The sporophore is perennial. A^Tien the condi- 
tions for growth are favorable, a new development takes place on 
the edge of the fruiting body and its under surface. There is a very 
marked difference in the color of the sporophore, depending upon 
its age. The 3^oungest mycelium is snow-white; then, as age increases, 
the color turns quite rapidly to a yellowish white, then to a deeper 
yellow, finally to a brown, and in very old specimens it may be 
almost black. Very often the edges of the sporophores are yellowish 
white in color, showing that a new grow^th has taken place very 
recently. During sporulation the hymenium is yellowish white 
(PI. I, fig. 2), and this color is a very good indication that spores are 
being given off. Sporophores collected in Missouri, in January, 
when placed in moist chambers gave off spores very abundantly 
within a few hours, seeming to show that sporulation in northern 
climates takes place at almost any time when there is enough heat 
and moisture for the tissues to carry on their functions. 

Sporophores of Lenzites sepiaria may remain dry and apparently 
lifeless for a long period and still be able to produce viable spores 
under favorable conditions. This power to revive after long periods 
of inactivity is known to be not uncommon with the wood-inhabiting 
fungi. Buller (1909) found this property to exist to a remarkable 
degree in certain species: Ddedalea unicolor (Bull.) Fr. recovered after 
desiccation for four years. Lenzites hetulina (L.) after three years, 
and various others for periods varying from one week to three 
years. Rumbold (1908) found that specimens of Lenzites sepiaria 
which had been kept chy for 17 months, when moistened were able 
to produce viable spores. Moreover, they were able to repeat this 
performance after being (hied again and lying a short time inactive. 
The writer obtained abunchint spores in April, 1910, from fruiting 
bodies which in April, 1908, had been placed in a petri dish and 
collections of spores made. They soon ih'ied out and had remained 
thus ever since in a chirk (h'awer. Two years later they were again 
moistened and spores were prochiced as above stated. Tests of 
viabihty were not made, but Ikiller (1909) states that the prochic- 
tioii of spores is an inchcation that sporophores are ahvt\ This 
power of reviving aftei- long periods of drought is of considerable 
84055°— Bui. 214—11 2 



16 TIMBER KOT caused BY LEXZTTES SEPIAEIA. 

importance, since it means that decayed timbers are a constant 
source of infection and should be destroyed instead of being left lying 
upon the ground. 

The number of spores produced by an ordmary-sized sporophore 
of Lemites sepiaria is literally miUions. Buller (1909) has showTi 
that a sporophore of Daedaha confragosa (Bolt.) Pers., about 2 
square inches in area, produced nearly three-fourths of a billion of 
spores when revived after desiccation. This is much like Lenzites 
sepiaria in the character of its sporophores and mav be taken to 
indicate ver}- rouglily the conditions occurring ^\ith the latter species. 
This empliasizes the fact that where there are fruiting bodies of 
Lenzites sepiaria there surely are spores everywhere in the ^^icinity, 
and no timber can be expected to remain free from them for any 
great length of time. Hence, it is doubly wise to destroy all deca3'ed 
timbers. 

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPOROPHORES. 

The first visible sign of the effects of tliis fungus is a blackening 
of the ends of the affected timbers over a space of several square 
inches. This blackening is quite noticeable to a close observer, and 
is present for some httle time before the mycehum appears on the 
surface. After a few weeks, when there is sufficient moisture in the 
air, a tiny tuft of wliite mycehum appears somewhere on the black- 
ened area. This grows larger ^^ithin a few days if the moist condi- 
tion continues, until it is about one-fourth inch across : then the tuft 
thickens until it stands out from the surface of the wood about one- 
eighth inch. The development of the gills begins early^ goes on 
rapidh^, and continues until the sporophore has reached its gro^vth. 
The gills begin to form while the m^'celial mass is still small (one- 
eighth to one-sixteenth inch), as soon, indeed, as there is room for a 
gill to be formed beneath. When the gills are well started, and 
sometimes before, the older parts of the mass turn to a hght-brown 
color, meanwhile passing through the various shades of yellow. In 
Texas the entire development of the mature fruiting body may take 
place ^^ithin 10 da3's from the very first appearance of the mycehum 
on the outside of the timber. After the first sporophore has formed 
it is usuall}' not long before several others are produced immediately 
adjacent to it. 

Some notes made by the writer on the rapidity of the growth of 
the sporophores in Texas are of interest. On one timber several tiny 
masses of white mycehum Ave re barely visible on one of the black- 
ened spots at the end of the timber. Seven days later the gills were 
beginning to form, and. the oldest parts had turned broAATi. On the 
eleventh day several distinct sporophores which had formed during 
this time had fused into a single one, three-fourths inch long and 

214 



THE FUNGUS. 17 

three-sixteenths inch wide, with numerous gills. On another timber 
tiny masses of white mycelium were visible when the observations 
were started. Six days later these masses had developed into a 
single large sporophore nearly 2 inches in length. On still another 
timber the first traces of gills had formed ; four days later there were 
16 gills. These observations were made at a time when the weather 
was very favorable for the growth of the fungus, there being a shower 
every day, with hot, muggy weather between the showers. Com- 
monly several small pilei form at the same time very closely together, 
and these then fuse into one or two large ones which afterwards show 
no signs of their compound nature. The gills first form as very 
shght ridges on the under side of the mycelial mass, then these 
ridges grow higher until they form the fully developed- anastomosing 
gills. One very curious case was noted where a railroad tie, with a 
newly formed sporophore upon it, had been turned with its former 
upper surface underneath, so that the gills were on the upper instead 
of the under surface. When found, the gills had just begun to pro- 
duce a new growth of mycelium. On the sixth day new gills began 
to form on the former upper surface of the fruiting body; on the 
eighth day the transformation was complete, and one would never 
suspect the change which had taken place, the pileus being exactly 
like a normal one, except for a slight increase in thickness. 

THE MYCELIUM. 

The hyphse of this fungus are very plentiful in the rotten wood, 
but are especially found in the medullary rays and the large cells of 
the wood. Very often an entire cell cavity is filled with a tangled 
mass of mycelium. The mycelium consists of two distinct kinds — • 
a larger, dark-colored form, in which no contents can be perceived; 
and a smaller, colorless form, with a more or less granular content. 
The former is a])i)arently the older form, and the color of the ANood 
tissues Avhere it is at all plentiful is a dark brown, evidently caused 
by the presence of so much dark-colored mycelium Avitliin, and not 
by any secretion or infiltration substance. The colorless form is 
evidently the younger and more active j)orti()n, and is much more 
often found, being very common in badly rotted wood. The h\ pha^, 
measure from 2 to 6 microns in diameter. 

THE SPORES. 

Experience gathered during a ninnl)er of trips to 'IVxas al dillVrent 
times of th(^ year shows tliat th(^ spoic^s nw \)vo(\uvv(\ ahiiiidnntly 
there from June to November. 'I'he spoit^s were coIKm'UmI by phicing 
wet spoioplioi-es in moist chanibcMs upon ghiss sHdes. rndcM- thc^se 
conditions tlie s|)()res weie given oil" very freely. The spores tMi 

214 



18 TIMBER ROT CAUSED BY LENZITES SEPIARIA. 

masse are pure white; they are elhpsoid, with more or less variation; 
many are shghtly curved, and they often have a shght remnant of 
the pedicel attached to them, giving them a pointed appearance at 
the basal end; they are quite uniform in size and shape, and measure 
about 3.5 to 4 by 6 to 12 microns. Some are slightly club-shaped, 
but this is not common. When first set free their contents are finely 
granular. 

GERMINATION OF THE SPORES. 

After lying in water or a dilute solution of sugar for some hours, 
the contents of the spores become coarsely granular and 1 to 3, or 
in rare cases 4, guttules are formed. The spores did not germinate 
in very dilute solutions of sodium chlorid, but a solution of cane 
sugar up to 2 per cent and tap water gave results. In this solution 
the spore swells and pushes out a germ tube, which branches as it 
develops. Septa are formed, but they are not frequent. The germ 
tubes measure about 2 to 3 J microns in diameter, or about the same 
as that of the spores themselves at this time. A spore commonly 
produces a single germ tube, but two may be given off, one from 
either end. More than two germ tubes from a single spore have not 
been noted. The germ tube soon branches and forms a more or less 
extensive mycelium. The branches seem to arise from almost any 
point and are not especially abundant. In cultures the mycelium 
commonly has coarsely granular contents, wliich are retracted to the 
middle of the hyphse. The germ tubes and hyphse are quite uniform 
in size throughout their length. 

CULTURES. 

On July 24, 1904, wliile in Texas, the writer was able to collect 
spores in sufficient quantities for cultural experiments. The first 
test was made in hanging drop cultures in water. This water w^as 
collected from the roof of the house and stored in a galvanized-iron 
cistern. The cultures resulted in flat failure, although the spores did 
undergo some changes. After lying for an hour or so in the water 
their contents became coarsely granular and from 1 to 3 or 4 guttules 
were formed. No facilities were at hand for weighing small quan- 
tities of material, but a dilute solution of cane sugar and one of 
sodium chlorid were made. These were certainly less than 1 per 
cent solutions, and were presumably much weaker. Because of 
enforced absence the next day it is not known how long before ger- 
mination took place. Judging from the length of the germ tubes, it 
must have been mthin 24 hours after the sowing of the spores. The 
cultures in sugar solution were the only ones that grew, and of these 
only two showed germination. The cultures were repeated with no 
results, so the entire study was necessarily made from these two 

214 



THE FUNGUS. 19 

cultures. Later tests made with spores collected from sporophores 
brought into the laboratory in January from wood in the vicinity of 
St. Louis gave better germinations with sugar solutions up to and 
including 2 per cent of sugar by weight. In these tests the spores 
showed all of the previously described phenomena. Germination 
took place in about 30 hours and about 25 per cent of the spores 
germinated. The ungerminated spores remained apparently un- 
changed except for a slight swelling. Recently germination in tap 
water has been observed by the writer. 

In the culture work with this and a number of other wood-rotting 
fungi in 1903 and 1904 the waiter (1905) found it much easier to 
secure cultures from small masses of actively gro\\dng mycehum 
than from the spores themselves. His procedure is to choose actively 
sporulating, fruiting bodies, cut small pieces from them, pass 
quickly through the flame of a Bunsen burner, and place in a 
petri dish containing w^arm agar or gelatin media. If done skill- 
fully a fair percentage of the plates wdll produce pure colonies of the 
fungus by the outgrowth of hyphae onto the agar from the original 
mass of mycelium. The same method may be used wdth tubes of 
sterilized wood. Another method is to take small pieces of wood 
which is in the early stages of decay and contains active mycelium 
and use them in place of the bits of sporophore. 

A large number of such cultures have been made upon sterilized 
wood in test tubes. Many of these cultures, owing to contaminations 
which it was next to impossible to exclude in the field, have failed, 
and all have failed to produce normal sporophores, which is the 
experience of others also (Rumbold, 1908); and a few cultures have 
developed spinelike fruiting surfaces instead of the usual gill form. 
(PL IV.) This form has been found in natural conditions in the 
field, as mentioned earlier in this bulletin. 

Rumbold (1908) found that Lenzites sepiaria is very sensitive to 
alkaline media when grown in pure cultures. A number of different 
experiments uniformly gave the same results with this species. It 
was found that even with one-fourth of 1 per cent of sulphuric acid 
it grew luxuriantly. This chemical has been recently used success- 
fully as a fungicide in dilute solutions for certain of the fungi 
(Anonymous, 1907; Kraemer, 1*906; Spaulding, 19()Sb), and formorh^ 
was used more or less commonly for the same pm-pose. (Baierlacher, 
1876; Bouchard, 1896; Degrully, 1895a and lS95b; Golliu, 1S96; 
Guillemot, 1893; Von Liebenburg, 1880; Lodeman, 1S96; McAl])ine, 
1898; Oliver, 1881; Zoebl, 1879.) 

INOCULATIONS. 

Inoculations have been made with living and actively growing 
mycelium in various ways to test certain points in the life liistory of 

214 



20 TIMBEE ROT CAUSED BY LENZITES SEPIAEIA. 

this funo-us. The question of the possible parasitism of Hve trees 
has been tested by making inocuhxtions into Hving trees of longleaf 
pine. These were made by boring holes into the trees with a small 
bit; then placing in the holes pieces of rotted wood containing active 
mycelium, and plugging the holes to prevent too rapid drying out. 
Similar inoculations were made in freshly felled trees to determine 
the time necessary for the development of sporophores. Absolutely 
no results could be detected from six inoculations made in the living 
trees, thus seeming to prove that Lenzites sepiaria is a true saprophyte 
and incapable of attacking living wood. Hedgcock (|| No. 1632) 
collected a specimen which seems to show it to be very weakly 
parasitic. (Fig. 1 .) This conclusion is borne out by the results of the 
inoculations in felled trees. In less than five months from the time 
of inoculation fruiting bodies were found growing upon the ends of 
the plugs used to keep the material from drying out. The plugs were 
about 3 inches in length and the mycelium had grown through the 
wood for that distance, completely rotting it for a portion of the way, 
and then forming fruiting bodies on the outside. (PI. Ill, fig. 2.) 
The plugs were made of green wood taken from the tree in which the 
inoculations were made. The wood of the tree itself was apparently 
not attacked, this being probably due to the earlier death of the 
wood of the plug. Moreover, railroad ties, the time of cutting of 
which was exactly known, had sporophores of this fungus within 
fiv'e months of the time when cut from the green trees. When one 
considers that some little time must elapse before the wood of the 
perfectly green tree is dead, he may gain an idea of the rapidity with 
which this fungus destroys timber under favorable conditions. This 
is especially true of railroad ties and timbers which are placed under 
very favorable conditions for the growth of fungi, and which in 
Texas usually last only about 12 to 24 months in use. 

THE DECAYED WOOD. 
EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF TIMBER. 

A timber which is affected, but which as yet has no sporophores 
upon it, has a very characteristic appearance. The ends are generally 
the parts first to become affected. Here will be seen on dry ties a 
blackened area of a more or less irregular outline. This may be only 
an inch or two across, or may be larger, but it is never found extending 
into the heartwoocl. To the experienced person it is a sure indication 
that there is within an affected spot and that sporophores will soon 
be formed somewhere upon the discolored area. The appearance is 
as if the wood beneath were water soaked. The wood has been so 
decomposed that the smallest quantity of water makes it look wet. 

214 



THE DECAYED WOOD. 21 

The affected wood is also more darkly colored than normal sound 
wood, and this undoubtedly helps to give the discolored appearance 
on the exterior. It can not be said that these discolored spots 
always have a direct relation to the season cracks, but this is very 
often the case. Whether the spots are a result of the season cracks 
is uncertain, but in many instances at least they seem to be. 

INTERNAL APPEARANCE OF TIMBER. 

Tliis fungus attacks coniferous wood wherever the conditions are 
at all favorable for the growth of the fungus, and it soon reduces the 
wood to a dry, brown mass, retaining but little resemblance to its 
normal appearance (PI. Ill, fig. 1). The decay has been called a chy 
rot. It has always been found that when fruiting bodies have been 
formed at least a small portion of the wood has been completely 
rotted. At first the tendency is to form small pockets of rotted wood 
in the interior of the attacked timber, then to spread from these 
into the adjacent wood, spreading longitudinally faster than radially. 
The writer found that rot extended longitudinally in the wood from 
the fruiting bodies at least a foot, and sometimes for twice that 
distance, but commonly between these limits. 

In the early stages of decay the early spring wood of the annual 
rings sometimes may be completely rotted and reduced to an amor- 
phous powder, while the late summer wood, which is more compact, 
is almost wholly unaffected. The annual rings may then be very 
easily separated from each other with the fingers, and it is impossible 
to cut a block of such wood out of the affected timber, owing to the 
rings falling apart as soon as cut across. This peculiar action of 
Lenzites sepiaria, the writer believes, is due simply to the structure 
of the annual ring, which in some species of trees exhibits distinct 
differentiation between the early, porous portion and the later, 
more compact portion. Boiling tests made by the writer (1906) 
showed conclusively that the lignin of the early wood is more easily 
dissolved than is that of the late wood of the same annual ring, 
where the two parts are at all distinct. The degree of differentiation 
in the annual ring seemed to be the controlling factor in this difl'cr- 
ence in solubility of the lignin. Attention was called to the fact that 
these tests furnish an explanation for the disintegration of the early 
wood of the annual ring by certain wood-rotting fungi, while the 
late wood is but slightly decayed. 

The affected wood assumes a shade of Ught brown, and small cracks 
run irregularly across the wood libers, indicating that considerabk> 
shrinkage has been caused by the action of the fungus upon the wood 
(PI. IV). The infections nearly always take i)lace in season cracks, 
as is very clearly shown by the position of the fruiting bodies (PI. 

214 



22 



TIMBER ROT CAUSED BY LENZTTES SEPIAKIA. 



Ill, fig. 3) and the pockets of the rotted wood within (PL II, figs. 1 
and 2). More or less extensive sheets or strings of matted mycelium 
may be found throughout the rotted wood. These mats are of 
varying shades of brown and yellow. A cross section of a decayed 
timber shows very plainly that it has been rendered totally unfit 
for use (PL III, fig. 1). In the earlier stages of the disease there are 
in the sapwood more or less numerous and extensive patches which 
have turned a dark-brown color, while large fissures run irregularly 
both radially and between the annual rings, showing that the fungus 
has caused some very serious changes in the structure of the wood. 
These patches of rotted wood are generally arranged in pockets with 
sound wood between them (PL II, fig. 2). As these pockets grow 

larger they extend 
radially faster than 
tangentially. This 
is partly owing to 
season cracks which 
frequently open for 
several inches in 
depth (PL II, fig. 1). 
In general the heart- 
wood is not attacked 
(fig. 2), but in the last 
stages of the decay 
the outer layers of the 
heartwood may be 
more or less affected, 
owing probably to 
their not having fully 
assumed the char- 
acters of the older heartwood and also to season cracks opening 
directly into the heartwood (fig. 2). The outer rings of a peeled log 
are very commonly not rotted, while those farther in are almost com- 
pletely disorganized. This difference may be explained by the fact 
that the sun soon dries out the external layers, so that the fungus 
has not enough water for its needs. While in the early stages of the 
rot the annual rings become separated from each other and the fall 
wood is little affected, in the last stages the fall wood also becomes 
completely decomposed and crumbles easily between the fingers. 
A log wliich is badly rotted at the end shows the fact by the very 
numerous cracks wliich are visible (PL I, fig. 1). It is noted that 
tree tops which have the bark left upon them have the sapwood 
completely rotted where the fruiting bodies show. 

214 





.t..;si„.^'„*«**««:; '■..., "■■-.> 




m " 




1 


i 






m 






m 












K. ■ - 'f 


^..-^^^m': 











Fig. 2.— End of a new pine railroad tie, showing many sporophores 
ol Lenzites sepiaria. Note season crack extending to heartwood; 
also freedom of heartwood from sporophores. 



THE DECAYED WOOD. 23 

MICKOSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF AFFECTED WOOD. 

Radial sections of the rotted wood reveal almost no places where 
the mycelium has pierced the cell walls as is so common with other 
wood-rotting fungi. Instead, the hyphse pass through the pits, this 
apparently being the rule. Cells and groups of cells, especially of 
the medullary rays, are often found with masses of the mycelium in 
their interior. The mycelium often forms an interwoven mass wliich 
completely fills the cell lumen. 

Cross sections of the pits can be gotten only in tangential and 
cross sections of the timber. The tangential sections show the cross 
sections of the rays, and most of them have their component cell 
walls, especially near the middle, wholly destroyed and the cavity 
filled with mycelium matted closely together. The rotted wood is 
so brittle that no free-hand cross sections can be made. 

The bordered pits have their closing membrane missing, and, as 
already stated, the mycelial strands pass freely through them. Very 
many pits have their borders cracked, with one to several openings 
running nearly to their periphery. The original opening of the pit is 
often enlarged, although tliis is not generally very noticeable. Sec- 
tions of the wood in the last stages of decay show that the middle 
lamella is dissolved, thus allowing the cells to fall apart very easih^. 

The cell walls undergo some change wliich makes them exceedingly 
brittle, the razor breaking rather than cutting them. No elasticity 
is left in the tissues, the thickness of the razor being enough to cause 
the sections to break into small fragments, wliich still stick slighth^ 
together. The sections were cut free-hand, without embedding the 
material. Numerous tabular crystals lie directly upon the liyph?e of 
the fungus, which are apparently formed by the action of the fungus 
on the wood. These crystals dissolve in hydrochloric acid without 
effervescing. 

MICROCHEMICAL TESTS OF AFFECTED WOOD. 

Pliloroglucin and hydrochloric acid give a bright red in the rotted 
tissues. Anilin sulphate and anilin chlorid give a bright yellow in 
the affected wood. Delafield's haematoxylin gives blue throughout. 
Cliloriodid of zinc gives a blue color only in part of* the tissues in 
early stages of the disease, but in later ones it gives blue throughout. 
This bluing occurs in the early wood of the annual ring, shading off 
as the late wood begins, then begins abruptly with the next annual 
ring. Miiule's potassium permanganate test gives a deep red in the 
healthy wood, but none whatever in the rotted parts. Thallhi sul- 
phate gives a yellow in the rotted wood. Resorcin with sulphuric 
acid gives a violet green not nearly so pronounced in the chH'ayod 

214 



24 TIMBER ROT CAUSED BY LEXZITES SEPIARIA. 

tissues as in the healthy ones. Carbazol with hydrochloric acid 
gives a violet red, deeper in the rotted than in the normal wood. 

These tests seem to show that the fungus has extracted or disor- 
ganized the coniferin and the hadromal of the lignin, but has left the 
vanillin. 

PROOF THAT LENZITES SEPIARIA CAUSES THE DECAY. 

Every indication noted in the field showed that tliis fungus causey 
the peculiar form of dry rot which has been attributed to it. The 
sporophores are located so near the badly decayed places in the wood 
that there seems to be no doubt of the connection of the two. But 
this is far from accurate scientific proof. Artificial inoculations made 
by the writer in freshh' felled sound green trees have gone far 
toward furnisliing such proof. A fragment of rotted wood was used 
for inoculating material, being placed in a small hole bored in the 
side of the tree; the hole was then plugged ^Wth a piece of green wood 
cut from the same tree, and about 3 inches long. When cut open, 
five months later, it was found that the plug was badly rotted in the 
middle tln-ough its entire length, wlnle the inoculating material 
touched it at the inner end, and on the outer end was a small but 
mature sporophore. (PL III, fig. 2.) Besides tliis, the writer has 
repeatedly grown pure cultures of Lenzites sepiaria upon sterilized 
wood blocks and has obtained in these cultures the same type of 
brown dry rot that is constantly associated ^vith the fungus in the 
open air. (PL IV.) 

FACTORS GOVERNING THE GROWTH OF WOOD-ROTTING FUNGI. 

It is a matter of oreneral knowledo-e amonof botanists that there 
are certain defuiite factors wliicli control the growth and reproduc- 
tion of the higher fungi. The more important of these factors may 
be called food, air, water, and temperature. 

It may be said b}^ ^'ay of summary that if any one of these 
factors is unfavorable, the wood-rottmg fungi can not live any great 
length of time and can not grow at all. 

Food materials. — Suitable nutritive materials are as essential to 
the existence of the fungi as they are for any other living organism. 
The food of the wood-rotting fungi consists of two classes of material, 
the contents of the wood cells and the wood cell walls themselves. 
The former consist of a very heterogeneous group of substances, such 
as starch, oil, protoplasm, tannin, sugar, minerals in soluble form, 
pitch, resin, crystals, etc. The wood-cell walls consist of a cellulose 
base or framework, "\\ith various laminae strengthened ^ith hgnin, 
both substances being of a very complex nature. The wood-inliabit- 
ing fungi attack these various substances ^\-ith great variabihty; 

214 



THE GROWTH OF WOOD-ROTTING FUNGI. 



25 



some take only the sugar and starch, and leave the cell walls nearly 
intact; others dissolve only the cehulose, others the lignin, and 
still others take all indiscriminately. The amount of stored food 
material present in the cell cavities of a living tree varies much with 
the season, at least in the temperate climates. It has been found that 
trees tend to store food material in large quantities in late summer 
and fall; in winter these supplies remain practically uniform in quan- 
tity; in spring, when the new growth is formed, they are rapidly and 
practically completely used up, the insoluble starch being changed 
into the soluble sugars. The sapwood is much richer in stored food 
matter than is the heart- 
wood, which usually does 
not contain food mate- 
rials in large quantities 
at any time. This fact 
partly explains the 
greater resistance of 
heartwood in general to 
the attacks of these 
fungi. The change of 
the insoluble material 
into some soluble form in 
the spring explains the 
fact that sapwood cut in 
spring or early summer 
usually rots very quickly, 
while the same wood cut 
in the winter does not rot 
so quickly, the soluble 
substances contained in 
the spring being much 

more readily attacked by Fig. 3.— Lower end of telephone pole, showing docay at sur- 
the funo"! than the insolu- face of ground while it is practically sound a short distance 

ble ones present in winter. 

Air supply. — Wood-rotting fungi are living organisms and need a 
certain amount of oxygen. Many bacteria are able to Uve bouoath 
the surface of liquids, and obtain their oxygen from the li(iuid itself, 
but the wood-rotting fungi seem to be unable to do this, and must 
have free access to the atmospheric oxygen in order to exist in a nor- 
mal manner. Hence, cutting off the air sup])ly stops their growth, 
and even kills them if continued for a suflicient length of time. This 
fact explains why wood remains sound for hundreds of years when 
buried, or when lying on the bottoms of streams and lakes. The 
rafting of timber is said to have a marked eifect in preventing decay, 
and this elTect may probably be partly explained in the same way, 

214 




26 TIMBER EOT CAUSED BY LENZITES SEPIARIA. 

although it is hkely that the food substances in the ceU cavities are 
(hssolved and partly removed by the solvent action of the water. 
Undoubtedly the air supply has much to do with the rotting of posts 
and similar timbers at or near the surface of the soil, wMle both 
above and below the surface decay is not so complete (fig. 3). 

^Vater supply. — That a certain degree of moisture is essential for the 
growth of the wood-rotting fungi is as true of the so-called dry rot 
fungi as of an}^ other. As soon as a certain piece of timber becomes 
well seasoned it loses much of its susceptibility to attack by fungi, 
and as long as it remains relatively free of water it will not rot. 
Instances are plentiful in Europe Avhere timbers which are now sound 
have been in place in buildings for hundreds of j^ears. Wood from 
the royal tombs of Egypt is perfectly sound after a period of over 
5,000 years. This fact can be explained in no other way than that it 
was well seasoned when put in place and has been protected from 
moisture ever since. 

Temperature. — A fourth condition is requisite for the growth of wood- 
rotting fungi, namely, a favorable temperature. These fungi can grow 
at ordinary temperatures in most countries, but they make little or no 
growth at freezing point and below. Many of them appear to have an 
upper limit even in outdoor temperatures at wliicli they do not thrive. 
In the usual spring, summer, and autumn weather of this country the 
wood-rotting fungi thrive, but in winter growth ceases except in the 
warmer sections, where it probably continues all the time.^ 

METHODS OF PREVENTING THE DECAY CAUSED BY LENZITES 

SEPIARIA. 

The decay of timber caused by Lenzites sepiaria is brought about 
by the action of the vigorously growing mycelium in breaking do\VQ 
the wood tissues and utilizing certain of their constituents in its 
own life processes. Consequently, anything wliich influences the 
grow^th and vigor of the fungus has a direct influence on the rate 
and extent of decay which the fungus can cause. It has been already 
stated that four essential factors govern the growth of Lenzites 
sepiaria, and therefore control the decay caused by it. Of these 
four factors only temperature may not be more or less regulated 
in timber which is in service, or while such timber is being prepared 
for service. 

«Falck (Die Lenzitesfaule des Coniferenholzes) gives some specific data on the 
maximum temperatm-e for Lenzites sepiaria. He found that the mycelium in dry 
wood resisted an exposm^e of two hours to a heat of 97° C, nearly the boiling point of 
water; but mycelium in agar cultures was killed by 10 hoiu's' exposure to 63°, and by 
2 hours at 75°. The optimum temperature for germination of the spores is between 
30° and 34° C, while the optimum for the mycelium in cultures is 35° C, and the 
growth minimum and maximum ai'e 5° and 44° C, respectively. 
214 " ~" 



METHODS OF PEEVENTING THE DECAY. 27 

The food supply can be effectively regulated by cutting the timber 
at the time when the trees either have their stored food materials in 
smallest quantity or else have them in the least available form, 
namely, late summer, autumn, and winter (Zon, 1909); but local 
conditions may modify the time of cutting to some extent. The 
supply of air can be regulated to some extent, the floating of timber 
being one of the most practical methods of such regulation. The 
water supply is probably the most easily regulated of any factor, 
the seasoning of timber being the most practical method of regulating 
it before it is placed in service. While in service, a number of methods 
are available, according to the location of the timber; for railroad 
ties, a well-drained roadbed (Dudley, 1887; Fernow, 1890; Von 
Schrenk, 1902) ; in other locations the seasoning of timber followed 
by painting or external coating with preservative substances (Dud- 
ley, 1887; Roth, 1895; Von Schrenk, 1902); the use of composite 
timbers instead of single large ones, leaving beams without boxing 
them in, and similar expedients are all thoroughly practicable methods 
of keeping the water content below the danger point. 

SEASONING OF TIMBER. 

It is a well-loiown and unquestioned fact that well-seasoned tim- 
ber is much more durable than green timber of the same kind. The 
most important result of seasoning is the marked reduction of the 
water content to a point unfavorable for the rapid growth of wood- 
rotting fungi. Green coniferous timber contains 40 to 50 per cent of 
water (calculated on the dry weight of the wood) under ordinary 
conditions. Air-seasoned coniferous timber contains 10 to 25 per 
cent of water (Smith, 1908; Eastman, 1908; Sherfesee, 1908c; Halt, 
1907; Tiemann, 1907; Grinnell, 1907; Fernow, 1897). Air seasoning 
removes one-half to two-thirds of the total water content, lowers the 
water content especially of the outer layers of wood, and to a large 
extent prevents the infection of a sound timber; but there is danger 
of such infection occurring at any time when the timber becomes wet 
and absorbs enough water to very decidedly raise the water content." 

Seasoning is efHcient as a method of preventing decay by Lenzites 
sepiaria. It must be done as rapidly as possible, es})ecially in the 
Gulf States. To this end, open piling (Von Schrenk and Hill, 1903) 
is far better than the usual close method. It is necessary in eastern 
Texas to assist seasoning as much as possible, as green timbers will 
rot in five or six montlis if piled closely. In the Nortliern States sea- 
soning progresses more slowly, but with less danger from this fungus. 

Kiln drying is here considered as a rapid method of seasoning, the 
result being identical by either kiln drying or air (hying. 

«I'\ilck, ])'[() Lcnzilosfiiiilo dos ConifonMiliolzcs. liK)!). stales tlial tho inycdiuin 
of Lenzites sepiaria will remain alive iii a dry decayed timber for two to throe years. 
214 



28 TIMBER ROT CAUSED BY LENZITES SEPIARIA. 

FLOATING OF TIMBER. 

The immersion of timber in water has long been held to increase 
its durability (Dudley, 1887; Fernow, 1890). Such timber seasons 
quickly after being removed from the water (Von Schrenk and Hill, 
1903). It appears that the immersion of timber for several weeks or 
months will decrease the decay caused b}^ Lenzites sepiaria, although 
no experiments have been made to determine this point. 

TREATMENT WITH CHEMICALS. 

The treatment of timber Vith solutions of chemicals wdiich have a 
deleterious action on the wood-rotting fungi is by far the most effi- 
cient method of preventing decay. There is absolutely no question 
as to the efficiency of this method, as numerous tests show. The 
following publications of this department may be cited in this con- 
nection: Crawford, 1907a, 1907b; Nelson, 1907; Von Schrenk, 1902, 
1904; Sherfesee, 1908a, 1908b; Smith, 1908; Weiss, 1907, 1908. 
Since this fungus will not grow in alkaline media, it is probable that 
those solutions which are alkaline will prove most efficient, other 
conditions being alike. 

Besides the general experiments of the many who have treated 
wood with various chemicals, there is an extensive test which has 
given very definite results as regards Lenzites sepiaria and the decay 
caused by it. In 1902 (Von Schrenk, 1904) a piece of track was laid 
with experimental ties, both treated and untreated, in eastern Texas. 
The followmg coniferous timbers were used: Tamarack (Larix 
laricina) and hemlock {Tsuga canadensis) from Wisconsin; longleaf 
{Pinus palustris), loblolly (P. taeda), and shortleaf (P. ecTiinata) pine 
from Texas. Eighteen months after the ties were placed in the track 
the writer assisted in the examination of them. The results are noted 
herein only for the coniferous species of wood and in connection with 
Lenzites sepiaria. 

The untreated hemlock ties were seriously rotted, 90 out of 101 
having sporophores of Lenzites sepiaria and of Polystictus veriscolor 
Fr. The former was present on most of the hemlock ties which bore 
fruiting bodies. The untreated shortleaf pine had 31 out of 100 
which showed Lenzites sepiaria. The untreated longleaf pine had 68 
out of 93 affected, some being badly rotted. The untreated loblolly 
had 57 out of 100 bearing fruiting bodies of this fungus. Of the 
untreated tamarack 37 out of 49 bore sporophores of Lenzites sepiaria. 
Of the methods of treatment tested the WelUiouse, zinc chlorid, and 
Allardyce processes gave satisfactory protection. The BarschaU 
process did not give good results; treatment with spirittine gave fair 
results, and so far as Lenzites sepiaria is concerned, was satisfactory; 

214 



t 



METHODS OF PREVENTING THE DECAY. 29 

treatment with Beaumont oil was hardly satisfactory, 4 out of 42 
loblolly ties having sporophores of Lenzites sepiaria. A detailed 
statement of these results is given by Von Schrenk (1904). The 
experiment shows that creosote, zinc tannin, zinc creosote, and zinc 
clilorid are efficient in the order named. The Barschall process, in 
which a mixture of copper, iron, and aluminum compounds is used, 
was not satisfactory. The Beaumont oil and spirittine were hardly 
satisfactory, but were applied in open vats without pressure. 

In 1909 further examination of these ties was made (Faulkner, 
1910; Winslow, 1910). No detailed statement is given as to the 
fungi which caused decay, so only the general results are of signifi- 
cance in the present paper; but the result with the best treatments, 
Allardyce, zinc chlorid, and Wellhouse, are of interest. It was found 
that a large number of the hemlock and tamarack ties which were 
treated by these methods are still in service. The following table 
gives the results: 

Percentage of treated ties in service after 7| years. 





Method of chemical treatment. 


Kind of timber. ^ 


Allardyce. 


Zinc 
chlorid. 


Wellhouse. 


Hemlock 


62 

84 


69 
98 


87 


Tamarack 


97 







The untreated ties of hemlock averaged IJ 3"ears of service, while 
the tamarack averaged 2 J years. This increase in service, due to 
treatment by the methods stated, based upon the service of untreated 
ties, was 430 per cent for loblolly ties, 370 per cent for hemlock, 280 
per cent for tamarack, and 210 per cent for longleaf pine. 

Besides the above methods of handling the timber itself, the col- 
lection and burning of decayed timber is of importance m reducing 
the attacks of this fungus. The custom of promi)tly burnm^ the 
rotten ties by the American railroads is based on good judgment, and 
must have an appreciable efTect upon the prevalence of wood-rotting 
fungi upon the ties in their tracks. 

SUMMARY. 

Px'actically three-fourths of the timber prochiction of the entire 
country is furnished by the coniferous species of trees. The wood- 
rotting fungi are important factors in determining the length of service 
of this immense quantity of timber, Lenzites sepiaria being one of the 
most imj)ortant of tlie fungi which attack coniferous species of wood. 
With several otlier si)ecies it destroys a large ])roi)ort ion of tlie conif- 
erous raih'oad ties and telegraph and ti»lej)lu)ne ])ok^s which are in 

214 



30 TIMBER ROT CAUSED BY LENZITES SEPIARIA. 

service in the country. It alone probably destroys nearly one-fourth 
of these timbers. The latest statistics show that coniferous ties and 
poles bought in 1908 cost $32,500,000, making an annual item of more 
than $8,000,000 worth of timber which has its length of service 
seriously shortened by tliis fungus. 

Lenzites sepiaria is widely distributed, being prevalent throughout 
Europe, in Australia, in the East Indies, and in South America. In 
North America it is undoubtedly present throughout Canada to the 
northern tree hne, everywhere in the United States, and at least in 
the coniferous forests of Mexico. It occurs on the wood of Populus, 
Salix, Alnus, Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga, and 
Juniperus. It is a saprophyte, but under certain conditions can 
attack wood that is apparently alive. It usually enters timbers* 
through season cracks and under favorable conditions is able to form 
mature sporophores within five months' time on newly cut timber. 
The fungus has been kno^\Ti in Europe for man}" years, being easily 
traced back to 1786. The sporophores are rather small, usually 
>occurring in groups or fusing laterally. They may re^nve after long 
periods of desiccation, the writer having obtained spores from speci- 
mens after two years. The spores are given off by hundreds of mil- 
Hons. Hence, decayed timbers should be destroyed, as they are a 
prolific source of infection for new timber. Mature sporophores may 
be produced within 6 to 10 days after the first mycehum shows on 
the exterior of an affected timber. Many pure cultures have been 
made by the writer, usually using the living mycelium instead of 
spores for inoculation. Inoculations into green timber produced 
sporophores within five months' time in Texas. • 

The decayed wood is brown in color, irregularly fissured into tiny 
cubical masses which crumble into dust between the fingers. 

]\Iicrochemical tests show that the lignin has lost some of its con- 
stituents and is disorganized. Pure cultures grown upon sterihzed 
green wood have produced the deca}" which constantly accompanies 
the fruiting bodies in the field and forest. 

The factors governing the growth of wood-rotting fungi are food, 
air, water, and temperature. These fungi cause decay by disorgan- 
izing the wood tissues in which their mycelium vegetates, and the 
above factors which govern their growth consequently govern the 
decay caused by them. Hence, the decay caused by Lenzites sepiaria 
msLj be prevented or greatly retarded (1) by seasoning, which 
decreases the water content of the timber to such a point that fungi 
can not readily grow; (2) by floating, which excludes the air and 
probably has some effect on the food materials within the timber; 
and (3) b}" chemical treatment, which infiltrates the wood with sub- 
stances deleterious to the fungi. 

214 



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of the United States, pp. 129, 131, 159, 160, 164, 166. 
1888. Fries, Robert. Synopsis hymenomycetum regionis (Jothoburgvnsis. Golo- 

borgsKongl. Vetenskaps, Handlingar, n. s., pt. 23, p. 5i). 
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eurs, 1). 188. 
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1888. Schroeter, J. hi ('ohn's Kry])l()gainen-Flora von Schh'sien, vol. ;>, ]>. IKl. 

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1889. Ellis, J. B. In V\\\\\\ rcjjorl, New .Ii"rs(>y Stale Geologist, vol. 2, i). iSl. 
214 



34 TIMBER ROT CAUSED BY LENZITES SEPIARIA. 

1889. Fayod, V. Prodrome d'une histoire naturelle des Agaricin^s. Annales des 
Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, ser. 7, vol. 9, pp. 192, 227, 333, 334, 335. 

1889. Karsten, P. A. Kritisk ofversigt af Finlands basidsvampar. Bidragtill Kiin- 

nedom af Finlands Natur; Finska Yetenskaps-Societeten, vol. 48, no. 964, 
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1890, Ferxow, B. E. Consumption of forest supplies by railroads and practicable 

economy in their use. Division of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 
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1890. "Webber, H. J. Catalogue of the flora of Nebraska. Nebraska State Board of 

Agriculture Report for 1889, p. 239. 

1891. Smith, W. G. Outlines of British fungology (supplement), p. 273. 

1892. Cooke, M. C. Handbook of Australian fungi, p. 101. 

1892. MiLLSPAUGH, C. F. Flora of West Virginia. "West Virginia Agricultmal Experi- 

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1893. Arnould, L. Liste des especes de champignons recoltes en Picardie. Bul- 

letin de la Societe Mycologique de France, vol. 9, p. 106. 

1893. Cobb, N. A. Host and habitat index of the Australian fungi. Dept. of Agri- 
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1893. Guillemot, J. Champignons observes a Toulon et dans ses environs en 1890- 
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1893. Massee, G. British fungus-flora, vol. 2, pp. 305-306. 

1893. OuDEMAxs, C. A. J. A. Revision des champignons, Pays-Bas, Verhande- 
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vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 198-199. 

1893. Peck, C. H. New York State Museum Report, vol. 47, pp. 172-174. 

1894. Thesleff, A. Nagot om parasitiska och pa vedaxter forekommande Basidi- 

omyceter. Forstforenings Meddelanden Helsingfors, vol. 11, pp. 116, 117. 

1894. Tratman, E. E. R. Wooden ties, preservative processes, and metal tie plates. 

Division of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bulletin 9, pp. 217-218. 

1895a. Degrully, L. Traitement de ranthracnose par I'acide sulfurique. Le 
Progres Agricole et Viticole, vol. 23, pp. 29-81. 

1895b. L'acide sulfui'ique centre I'anthracnose. Le Progres Agricole et Viti- 
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1895. McAlpine, D. Systematic arrangement of Australian fungi, pp. 18-19. 

1895. Roth, Filibert. Timber. Division of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 

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1896. Bouchard, A. L'emploi de I'acide sulfurique pour combattre I'anthracnose, 

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pp. 13-16. 
1896. Gellin, G. Traitement preventif de roidium. Re\-ue de Viticulture, vol. 5, 

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1896. Lodeman, E. G. The spraying of plants, p. 22. 

1896. MiLLSPAUGH, C. F., and Nuttall, L. W. Flora of West Virginia. Field 

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1897. Bucholtz, Fedor. Verzeichniss im Sommer 1896 in Michailowskoje (Gouvern. 

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woods. Division of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Circular 15, p. 7. 
1897. Harvey, L. H., and Kxight, O. W. Cryptogams collected near Jackman, 

Maine, August, 1895. Bulletin, Torrey Botanical Club, vol. 24, p. 340. 

1897. UxDERwooD, L. M., and Earle, F, S. A preliminary list of Alabama fungi. 

Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin 80. p. 238. 

1898. BiGEARD, R., and Jacquix, A. Flore des champignons superieurs du Departe- 

ment de Saone-et-Loire, pp. 288-289. 
214 



BIBLIOGKAPHY. 



35 



1898. Brick, C. Beitrag zui- Pilzflora des Sachsenwaldes. Verhandlungen des 

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1898. Saccardo, P. A. Sylloge fungorum, vol. 13, pp. 3, 853, 856, 912, 915, 1093, 

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1900. Strasser, p. p. Pilzflora des Sonntagberges (X.-Oe.). Verhandlungen der 

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1901. Earle, F. S. In Plant life of Alabama, by Charles Mohr. Contributions 

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p. xxxviii. 
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1902. Ricker, p. L. a preliminary list of Maine fungi. University of Maine Studies, 

no. 3, p. 58. 
1902. RosTRUP, E. Plantepatologi, pp. 380-387, figs. 161-162. 
1902. Schrexk, H. Vox. The decay of timber. Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. 

Dept. of Agriculture, Bulletin 14, pp. 1-96. 
1902. ScHWABACH, E. Zur Entwickelung der Spaltolfnungen boi Coniferon. Be- 

riclite der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, vol. 20. p. (>. 

1902. White, V. S. Some Mount Desert fungi. Bulletin, Tt)rrey Botunii«al Club, 

vol. 29, p. 554. 
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nenden Schwiimme. Hedwigia, vol. 42, pp. 178, 187 ISS. 
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heimischen Bliittersclnviimine. Zeitschrift fiir Pflanzenkrankheiten, vol. 

13, p. 200. 

1903. ScHiiEXK, II. vox, and IIii.i,. Rkvnoi.ds. Seasoning of timber. Bureau of 



Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agiicullure, liullelin II, \^\). I 18. 



214 



36 TIMBER ROT CAUSED BY LENZTTES: SEPTARIA. 

1904. LoNGYEAR, B. 0. A preliminary list of the sapropliytic fleshy fungi known to 
occur in Michigan. Michigan Academy of Science Report, vol. 4, p. 115. 

1904. MuRRiLL, W. A. The Polyporaceae of North America. Bulletin, Torrey Bo- 
tanical Club, vol. 31, pp. G02-G03. 

1904. NiTARDY, E. Die Krj^togamenflora des Ki'eises Elbing. Hedwigia, vol. 43, 
p. 323. 

1904. Rick, J. Fungos do Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Broteria, vol. 3, p. 285. 

1904. RuFFiEux, Louis. Les champignons observes dans le canton de Fribourg. 
(Suisse.) Memoires de la Societe Fribourgeoise des Sciences Naturelles, 
Botanique, vol. 1, p. 186. 

1904. ScHREXK, H. VON. Report on the condition of treated timbers laid in Texas, 

February, 1902. Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bulletin 51, 
pp. 13-20. 

1905. Blytt, a. G. Norges hymenomyceter, p. 114. 

1905. Dalla Torre, K. W. von, Sarxthein, L. von, and Magnus, P. W. Die Pilze 
von Tirol, Vorarlberg und Liechtenstein, p. 201. No. 929. 

1905. Murrill, W. a. The Polyporacese of North America. XI. A synopsis of the 
brown pileate species. Bulletin, Torrey Botanical Club, vol. 32, p. 370. 

1905. Neumann, J. J. Manuscript report on wood-rotting fungi of northern Wiscon- 
sin. 

1905. Neuweiler, E. Die priihistorischen Pflanzenreste Mitteleuropas. Botanische 
Exkursionen und Pflanzengeographische Studien in der Schweiz, no. 6, p. 15. 

1905. Spaulding, Perley. Cultures of wood-inhabiting fungi. Science, vol. 21, pp. 
143-144. 

1905. Tubeuf, C. von. Holzzerstorende Pilze und Haltbarmachung des Holzes. 
In Lafar's Handbuch der technischen Mykologie, 2d ed., vol. 3, pp. 321, 
322, 326. 

1905. White, E. A. A preliminary report on the Hymeniales of Connecticut. Con- 

necticut Geological and Natural History Sui^vey, Bulletin 3, p. 37. 

1906. Glatfelter, N. M. Preliminary list of higher fungi collected in the vicinity 

of St. Louis, Mo., from 1898 to 1905. Transactions, St. Louis Academy of 

Science, vol. 16, p. 72. 
1906. Kraemer, H. Dilute sulphuric acid as a fungicide. Proceedings, American 

Philosophical Society, vol. 45, pp. 157-163. 
1906a. Lloyd, C. G. Letter No. 11, pp. 1-8. 

1906b. Letter No. 10, p. 4. 

1906. Magnus, P. W. Vierter Beitrag zur Pilzflora von Franken. Abhandlungen der 

Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Niirnberg, vol. 16, p. 236. 

1906. Spaulding, Perley. Studies on the iignin and cellulose of wood. Missouri 

Botanical Garden, Report 17, pp. 41-58. 

1907. (Anonymous.) Journal, Board of Agriculture (^ Great Britain), vol. 14, p. 504. 
1907. Bates, C. G. Timber fungi, with special reference to the pines. Nebi*aska 

State Horticultural Society, Report, vol. 38, p. 206. 
1907a. Crawford, Carl G. The open- tank method for the treatment of timber. 

Forest Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Circular 101, pp. 1-15. 
1907b. Brush and tank pole treatments. Forest Service, U. S. Dept. of Agri- 
culture, Circular 104, pp. 1-24. 
1907. Grinnell, Henry. Seasoning of telephone and telegraph poles. Forest 

Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Circular 103, p. 10. 
1907. Hatt, W. K. Second progress report on the strength of structural timber. 

Forest Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Circular 115, p. 10. 
1907. Lloyd, C. G. Letter No. 16, pp. 1-8. 

1907. Nelson, John M. Prolonging the life of mine timbers. Forest Service, 
U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Circular 111, pp. 1-22. 
214 



BIBLIOGKAPHY. 37 

1907. TiEMANN, H. D. The strength of wood as influenced by moisture. Forest 
Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Circular 108, p. 12. 

1907. Weiss, H. F. The preservative treatment of fence posts. Forest Service, 

TJ. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Circular 117, pp. 1-15. 

1908. Eastman, H. B. Experiments with railway cross-ties. Forest Service, U. S. 

Dept. of Agriculture, Circular 146, p. 10. 
1908. Hahn, G. Die holzbewohnenden Schwamme in der Umgebung A'on Gera. 

Jahresbericht der Gesellschaft A^on Freunden der Naturwissenschaf ten in Gera 

(Reuss), vol. 50, p. 45. 
1908. Jaap, Otto. Beitrage zur Pilzflora der osterreichischen Alpenlander. 1, Pilze 

aus Siidtirol und Karnten. Annales Mycologici, vol. 6, p. 203. 
1908a. Lloyd, C. G. Letter No. 18, pp. 1-8. 

1908b. Letter No. 20, pp. 1-1. 

1908. Mez, Carl. Der Hausschwamm, etc., pp. 136-139. 

1908. MuRRiLL, W, A. Polyporacese. North American flora, vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 130. 

1908. Peck, C. H. New York State Museum, Bulletin 122, pp. 8, 24. 

1908. RuMBOLD, C. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Biologie holzzerstorender Pilze. 

Naturwissenschaftliche Zeitschrift fiir Forst- und Landwirtschaft, vol. 6, pp. 

81-140. 
1908a. Sherfesee, W. F. A primer of wood preservation. Forest Service, U. S. 
Dept. of Agriculture, Circular 139, pp. 1-15. 

1908b. The preservative treatment of loblolly pine cross-arms. Forest 

Ser^dce, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Circular 151, pp. 1-29. 

1908c. The seasoning and preservative treatment of hemlock and tamarack 

cross-ties. Forest Service, U. S. Dept of Agriculture, Circular 132, pp. 
11-13. 
1908. Smith, C. Stowell. The seasoning and preservative treatment of arborvitse 

poles. Forest Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Circular 136, pp. 1-29. 
1908a. Spaulding, Perley. In Plant Diseases in 1907, by W. A. Orton and A. 

Ames. Yearbook, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, for 1907, p. 589. 
1908b. The treatment of damping-off in coniferous seedlings. Bureau of 

Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Circular 4, pp. 5-8. 
1908. Vleugel, J. Bidrag till kannedomen om umeatraktens svampflora. Svenck 

Botanisk Tidskrift, vol. 2, p. 307. 

1908. Weiss, H. F. Progress in chestnut pole preservation. Forest Service, U. S. 

Dept. of Agriculture, Circular 147, pp. 1-14. 

1909. Buller, a. H. R. Researches on fungi, p. 111. 

1909. Hohnel, F. von. Zur alpinen Macromyceten-Flora. Oesterreichische Botan- 

ische Zeitschrift, vol. 59, p. 109. 
1909. Lloyd, C. G. Letter No. 26, pp. 1-4. 
1909. Moffatt, W. S. The Hymenomycetes. Tlie higher fungi of the Cliicago region, 

pt. 1. Natural Plistory Survey, Academy of Sciences, Chicago, Bulletin 7, 

pt. 1, p. 69. 

1909. Schorstein, J. Die holzzerstorenden Pilze. Oestorroichisclio Forst- und 

Jagd-Zeitung, vol. 27, p. 272. 

1009. ZoN, R. Methods of determining the time of the year at Avhich timber wa.^^ cut. 

Forestry Quarterly, vol. 7, pp. 402^109. 

1910. Faulkneii, E. O. Test ties in experimental track. P.oauinoiit divi.'^ion. Gulf, 

Colorado and Santa Fe Railway. American Railway I-lngim t-riug and 
Maintenance of Way Association, Bulletin 120, ])p. 30.V310. 

1010. WiNSLow, C. P. Second report on the condition of treated timber laid in 

Texas in 1902. American Railway Engineering and ^^aintenance of Way 
Association, Bulletin 120, ])p. 344-358. 
214 



PLATES 



214 



39 



DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 

Plate I. Fig. 1.— End of longleaf pine log with many sporopliores of imzito sepiana. 
The small white masses on the left are sporophores of another wood- 
rotting fungus. Note the season cracks in the wood. Fig. 2. — Several 
new sporophores of Lenzites sepiaria showing their hymenial surface. 
II. Fig. 1.— New railroad tie with early stage of decay caused by Lenzites 
sepiaria. The lai'gest rotted ai-ea is located at a season crack in the upper 
surface of the tie. Fig. 2.— New railroad tie with medium stage of decay 
caused by Lenzites sepiaria. The rotted areas are located at season 
cracks. 

III. Fig. 1.— Late stage of decay caused by Lenzites sepiaria in a longleaf pine 

tie which has been cut but a few months and never has been placed in 
service. Fig. 2.— Plug used in inoculating green timber. Kemoved in 
less than five months. A sporophore was formed on the outer end. 
Fig. 3. — Loblolly pine timber with Lenzites sepiaria sporophores. in the 
season cracks. 

IV. Longleaf pine block upon which a pure culture of Lenzites sepiaria has 

grown for about six months. This type of rot is the one which accom- 
panies the fruiting bodies of this fungus so universally. 

214 

40 ^ 



Jul. 214, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate 1. 




/ 



FiQ. 1 .— Sporophores of Lenzites Sfpiaria on the End of a Longleaf Pine Log. 




Fig. 2.— Sporophores of Lenzites Sepiaria, Showing Under Surface. 



Bui. 214, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate II. 




Fig. 1.— Early Stage of Decay Caused by Lenzites Sepiaria. 



'"^^ 




^'»^ fi 



N.'-;^ 






# 







Fig. 2,— Medium Stage of Decay Caused by Lenzites Sepiakia. 



Bui. 214, Bureau of Plant Industry, U, S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate III. 




Fig. 1 .— Late Stage of Decay Caused by Lenzites Sepiaria. 





Fig. 2. Plug Used in Inoculation. 



Fig. 3.— Sporophohes of Lenzites 
Sepiaria in Season Cracks. 



1 



Bui. 214, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV. 




Pure Culture of Lenzites Sepiaria on Longleaf Pine Block. 



1 



INDEX. 

Page. 

Abies spp., hosts of Lenzites sepiaria 11-12, 30 

Acid, hydrochloric, use with phloroglucin upon rotted wood 23-24 

sulphuric, use as a fungicide 19-20, 23-24 

Aderhold, R., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9. 35 

Agaricus sepiarius, synonym for Lenzites sepiaria 14 

Air, effect of supply upon growth of wood-rotting fungi 25-26, 27, 30 

Alkali, solutions, efficiency for the prevention of attacks of Lenzites sepiaria. . 19, 28 

Allardyce, process for preserving timber from decay. 28-29 

Allescher, A., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 33 

Alnus spp. , hosts of Lenzites sepiaria 11-12, 30 

Aluminum, compounds, use in preserving timber from decay 29 

Anilin chlorid, effect upon rotted wood 23 

sulphate, effect upon rotted wood 23 

Arnould, L,, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 34 

Arthur, J. C, investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 10, 11, 33 

Bachmann, E., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 33 

Baierlacher, on the use of sulphuric acid as a fungicide 19, 32 

Barschall, process for preserving timber from decay 28-29 

Bates, C. G., on the host woods of Lenzites sepiaria 12, 36 

Bennett, J. L., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 11, 33 

Berkeley, M. J., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 8. 31. 32 

Bessey, C. E., on the host woods of Lenzites sepiaria 12, 33 

Bibliography of Lenzites sepiaria 31-37 

Bigeard, R., and Jacquin, A., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 34 

Blytt, A. G., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 8, 36 

Bouchard, A., on the use of sulphuric acid as a fungicide 19, 34 

Braune, F. A. von, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9. 31 

Brick, C, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 34 

Britton, N. L., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 11, 32 

Britzelmayr, M., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 33 

Bucholtz, Fedor, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 34 

Buller, A. IL R., on the vitality of wood -inhabiting fungi 15, 16, 37 

Carbazol, use with hydrochloric acid in testing rotted wood 24 

Chamaecyparis, probable host of Lenzites sepiaria 12 

Clerc, C.-A., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 35 

Cobelli, R. de, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 35 

Colmeiro, D. M., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 33 

Color, changes of hues of Lenzites sepiaria with age 15 

Conifers, subject to attack by Lenzites sepiaria 7, 8, 11, 28, 29 

Cooke, M. C, on the ge()grai)hic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 8, 9, 32, 33, 34 

Copper, compounds, use in ])reserving timber from decay 29 

Corda, A. C. J., on the geographic distributiim of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 31 

Cracks, season, seat'of infection by Lenzites sepiaria 13, It. 1"), 21, 22, 30. 10 

Crawford, C. G., on the methods of preserving timber from decay 28, 3G 

Creosote, use in preserving wood from decay 29 

Cupressus, probable host of Lenzites sepiaria 12 

Curtis, M. A., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites st'piaria \\,:V2 

214 .11 



42 TIMBER ROT CAUSED BY LENZITES SEPIARIA. 

rage. 

Daedalea confragosa, fecundity, as related to Lenzites sepiaria 16 

sepiaria, synonym for Lenzites sepiaria 14 

unicolor, vitality, as related to Lenzites sepiaria 15 

Dalla Torre, K. W. von, Sarnthein, L. von, and IMagnus, P. W., on the geo- 
graphic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 36 

Decay of timber, as related to Lenzites sepiaria 24, 26-29, 30 

Degrully, L., on the use of sulphuric acid as a fungicide 19, 34 

Dudley, P. H., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 12, 27, 28, 33 

Earle, F. S., and Underwood, L. M., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites 

sepiaria 10, 34 

Eastman, H. B., on the methods of preserving timber from decay 27, 36 

Falck, Richard, investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 8, 26, 27 

Farlow, W. G., and Seymour, A. B., on the host woods of Lenzites sepiaria. 11, 12, 33 

on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 10, 32 

Faulkner, E. 0., on the methods of preser^dng timber from decay 29, 37 

Fernow, B. E., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 27, 28, 33, 34 

Floating of timber to prevent decay 27, 28, 30 

Fries, E. M. , investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 8, 9, 12, 14, 31, 32 

Fuckel, L., on the geographic distribution of Ivenzites sepiaria 9, 32 

Fungi, wood-inhabiting, vitality as related to Lenzites sepiaria 15 

rotting, effect upon value of timber 7-8, 30 

factors governing growth 24-27, 30 

Gartner, P. G., Meyer, B., and Scherbius, J., on the geographic distribution of 

Lenzites sepiaria 9, 31 

Gellin, G., on the use of sulphuric acid as a fungicide 19, 34 

Gillet, C. C, investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 12, 32 

Gillot, F. X., and Lucand, L., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 12, 33 

Glatfelter, N. M., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 10, 36 

Gloeophyllum spp. , synonyms for Lenzites sepiaria 14 

Grinnell, Henry, on the methods of preser\nng timber from decay 27, 36 

Guillemot, J., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 19, 34 

Haematoxylin, Delafield's, reaction upon rotted wood 23 

Hahn, G., on the growth of Lenzites sepiaria on wood of living trees 12, 36 

Harkness, H. W., and Moore, J. P., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites 

sepiaria 10, 32 

Harvey, L. H., and Knight, 0. W., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites 

sepiaria 10, 34 

Hatt, W. K., on the methods of preserving timber from decay 27, 36 

Heartwood, apparent immunity from attack by wood-rotting fungi 13, 20, 22, 25 

Hedgcock, G. G., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 10, 11, 12, 13, 20 

Hemlock, treated and untreated, durability tests 28-29 

Hennings, P. , investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 12, 34, 35 

Hill, Reynolds, and Schrenk, H. von, on the methods for prevention of decay 

of timber 27,28,35 

Hoffmann, G. F., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 31 

Hohnel, F. von, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 37 

Hornemann, J. W., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 31 

Inoculations with Lenzites sepiaria, experiments upon living and freshly felled 

trees 14, 19-20, 24, 30, 40 

Introduction to bulletin 7-8 

Iron, compounds, use in preserving timber from decay 29 

Jaap, Otto, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 35, 37 

214 



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INDEX. 43 

Page. 
Jacquin, A., and Bigeard, R., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria. 9, 34 

Juniperus, wood attacked by Lenzites sepiaria 11-12, 30 

Karsten, P. A., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 8, 9, 12, 14, 31, 33 

Kickx, Jean, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 32 

Knight, 0. W., and Harvey, L. H., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites 

sepiaria ]0, 34 

Kops, J., and Trappen, J. E. van der, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites 

sepiaria - 9, 31 

Kraemer, H., on the use of sulphuric acid as a fungicide 19, 36 

Langlois, A. B., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 10, 33 

Lanzi, M., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 35 

Larix spp., hosts of Lenzites sepiaria 11-12, 13, 28, 30 

See also Tamarack. 

Lentinus lepideus, distribution, as related to Lenzites sepiaria 7 

Lenzites betulina, vitality as compared with Lenzites sepiaria 15 

saepiaria, synonym for Lenzites sepiaria 14 

sepiaria, character as a saprophyte 13, 20, 30 

cultural experiments 18-20, 24, 30, 40 

economic importance 8, 30 

geographic distribution 7, 8-11, 30 

inoculation experiments 14, 20, 24, 30, 40 

kinds of wood subject to attack 7, 8, 11-13, 30, 40 

literature 7-8, 31-37 

method of entrance 13, 14, 20, 30, 40 

occurrence on wood of deciduous trees 11-12 

trees apparently alive 12-13, 30 

parasitism 13, 20, 30 

rate of growth. : 14, 16-17, 20, 30 

sensitiveness to alkaline media 19 

spores, character 17-18 

germination 18-19 

sporophores, character and development 14-17, 40 

synonymy 14 

value of timber annually destroyed 8, 30 

vitality 15-16, 26-28, 30 

vialis, usually found only on wood of deciduous trees 11 

Lenzitina saepiaria, synonym for Lenzites sepiaria 14 

Leveille, J. II., and Paulet, J. J., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites 

sepiaria 9, 32 

Libocedrus, probable host of Lenzites sepiaria ' 12 

Liebenburg, von, on the use of sulphuric acid as a fungicide 19. 32 

Lloyd, C. G., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria. . 9, 10, 11, 35, 36. 37 

Lodeman, E. G., on the use of sulphuric acid as a fungicide 19, 34 

Longyear, B. O., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 10, 35 

Lucand, L., and Gillot, F. X., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 9,12,33 

M( Alpine, I)., investigations of Lenzites se})iaria 9, 12, 19, 34 

Magnus, P. W., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 34, 36 

Dalla Torre, K. W. von, and Sarnthein, L. von, on the got)- 

graphic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 36 

Matrnchot, L., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 35 

Merulius sepiarins, synonym for Lenzites sepiaria 14 

Meyer, !>., (Jiirlner, P. G., and Schcrbius, .J., on the geographic distribution of 

Lenzit es sepiaria 9, 31 

214 



44 TIMBER ROT CAUSED BY LENZITES SEPIARIA. 

Page. 
Millspaugli, C. F., and Nuttall, L. W., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria. . 11, 12, 34 

investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 1 1, 12, 34 

Moffatt, W. S., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 10, 37 

Moore, J. P., and Harkness, 11. W., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites 

sepiaria 10, 32 

Morgan, A. P., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 11, 12, 33 

Murrill, W. A., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 10, 11, 14, 35, 36, 37 

Mycelium, Lenzites sepiaria, character 15, 17, 27 

Nelson, J. M., on the methods of preserving timber from decay 28, 36 

Neumann, J. J., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria. 11, 12, 36 

Neuweiler, E., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 36 

Nitardy, E., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 35 

Nuttall, L. W., and Millspaugli, C. F., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria. . 11, 12, 34 

Oil, Beaumont, use for preserving timber from decay 29 

Oliver, Paul, on the use of sulphuric acid as a fungicide 19, 33 

Oudemans, C. A. J. A., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 32, 34 

Pabst, G., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria _ 9, 32 

Paulet, J. J., and Leveille, J. H., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites 

sepiaria ; 9, 32 

Peck, C. H., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 11, 12, 32, 33,34,35,37 

Perdrizet, T., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 32 

Persoon, C. H., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 9,14,31 

Phloroglucin, use with hydrochloric acid in testing rotted wood , 23 

Picea spp., hosts of Lenzites sepiaria 11-12, 13, 30 

Pine, loblolly, treated and untreated, durability tests 28-29 

longleaf, inoculations of Lenzites sepiaria 13, 20, 40 

treated and untreated, dm'ability tests 28-29 

shortleaf , treated and untreated, durability tests 28 

Pinus echinata. See Pine, shortleaf. 

palustris. See Pine, longleaf. 

spp. , hosts of Lenzites sepiaria 12, 28, 30, 40 

taeda. See Pine, loblolly. 

Plates, description 40 

Pollini, C, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 31 

Polystictus veriscolor, presence on hemlock ties under test for Lenzites sepiaria . 28 

Populus spp. , hosts of Lenzites sepiaria 12, 30 

Potassium permanganate, use in testing rotted wood 23 

Pseudotsuga spp., hosts of Lenzites sepiaria 12, 30 

Quelet, L., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 33 

Rabenhorst, L. , on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 31 

RanojeA'ie, N., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 35 

Resorcin, use with sulphmic acid in testing rotted wood 23-24 

Rick, J., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 11, 35 

Ricker, P. L. , on the geogi'aphic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 10, 35 

Rohling, J. C, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 31 

Rostrup, E., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 35 

Roth, Filibert, on methods of preventing decay in timber 27, 34 

Rufheux, Louis, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 35 

Rumbold, C, investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 15, 19, 37 

Saccardo, P. A., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 11, 12, 32, 33, 35 

Salix spp., hosts of Lenzites sepiaria. 12. 30 

Sarnthein, L. von, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9. 35 

214 



INDEX. 45 

Page. 
Samthein, L. von, Dalla Torre, K. W. von, and Magnus, P. W., on the geo- 
graphic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 36 

Schaeffer, J. C, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 31 

Scherbius, J., Gartner, P. G., and Meyer, B., on the geographic distribution of 

Lenzites sepiaria - 9,31 

Schrank, F. von Paula, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 31 

Schrenk, H. von, and Hill, Pveynolds, on the methods for prevention of decay 

of timber 27,28,35 

investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 10, 11, 12, 27, 28, 29, 35, 36 

Schroeter, J., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 33 

Schweinitz, L. I), von, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 11, 31 

Seasoning of timber, objects attained 27, 28, 30 

Secretan, Louis, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 31 

Sequoia, probable host of Lenzites sepiaria 12 

Sesia hirsuta, synonym for Lenzites sepiaria 14 

Seymour, A. B., and Farlow, W. G., on the host woods of Lenzites sepiaria. . 11, 12, 33 

Sherfesee, W. F., on the methods of preserving timber from decay 27, 28, 37 

Smith, C. S., on the methods of preserving timber from decay 27, 28, 37 

W. G., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 8, 34 

Somers, J., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 32 

Sommerfeldt, S. C, investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 12, 31 

Sowerby, J., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 8, 31 

Spaulding, Perley, on the presence of Lenzites sepiaria on wood of living trees. . 12 36 

use of sulphuric acid as a fungicide 19, 37 

Specimens, Lenzites sepiaria, location in cabinets, explanation of arbitrary signs . 8 

Spegazzini, C, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 35 

Spirittine treatment for preserving timber from decay 28 

Sporophores, Lenzites sepiaria, character and development 14-17. 20, 30 

modification, curious example 17 

Sprague, C. J., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 10, 32 

Stevenson, John, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 8, 33 

Strasser, P. P., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 35 

Summary of bulletin 29-30 

Tamarack, treated and untreated, durability tests 28-29 

Taxodium, probable host of Lenzites sepiaria 12 

Temperature, effect upon growth of wood-rotting fungi 26. 30 

Tests, boiling, effect upon structure of wood 21-22 

chemical, effect in preserving wood from decay 19-20. 23. 24, 28-30 

Maule's potassium permanganate, reaction upon rotted wood 23 

microscopic, of the host woods of Lenzites sepiaria 23-24, 30 

Thallin sulphate, reaction upon rotted wood 23 

Thesleff, A., investigations of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 11, 12. 34 

Thuja, probable host of Lenzites sepiaria 12 

Thiimen, F. von, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9. 32 

Tiemann, H. D., on the methods of preserving timber from decay 27, 36 

Ties, railroad, coniferous, relation of service to Lenzites soi)iaria ... 7. S. 20. 28-29. 40 

Timber, coniferous, subject to attack by Lenzites sepiaria 7,8,11, 28-30, 10 

decayed, destruction advised 16. 29, 30 

treatment with chemicals to ])re vent decay 27, 28-30 

untreated, length of service 7. 8, 20. 28-29 

value, cut in the United States in J908 7, 8, 30 

214 



46 TIMBEIl EOT CAUSED BY LENZITES SEPIARIA. 

Page, 
Trappen, J. E. van der, and Kops, J., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites 

sepiaria 0. 31 

Tsuga spp., hosts of Lenzites sepiaria 12, 13, 28, 30 

See also Hemlock. 
Underwood, L. M., and Earle, F. S., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites 

sepiaria 30, 34 

Vleugel, J., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 37 

Wahlenberg, Georg, on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 31 

Water, effect of supply upon growth of wood-rotting fungi 22, 26. 27-28, 30 

Webber, H. J., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 10, 34 

Weiss, H. F., on the methods of preserving timber from decay 28. 36, 37 

Wellhouse, process for preserving timber fi'om decay 28-29 

White. E. A., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 10, 36 

V. S., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 10, 35 

Winslow, C. P., on the methods of preserving timber from decay 29, 37 

Winter, G., on the geographic distribution of Lenzites sepiaria 9, 33 

Wood, decayed, appearance, external 20-21. 40 

internal 21-22, 30 

microscopic examination, as related to Lenzites sepiaria 23-24, 30 

Wulfen, F. X. von, first to name Lenzites sepiaria 14, 31 

Zinc chlorid, process for preserving timber 28-29 

chloriodid, reaction upon wood rotted by Lenzites sepiaria 23 

creosote, use in preserving timber from decay 29 

tannin, use in preserving timber fi'om decay 29 

Zoebl, A., on the use of sulphuric acid as a fungicide 19. 32 

Zon, R., on the methods of preserving timber fi'om decay 27, 37 

214 

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